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Epidural Stimulation Timeline
2021
November 11

Published in Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

October 6

Published in Nature Communications

Noninvasive Spinal Stimulation Safely Enables Upright Posture in Children with Spinal Cord Injury

August 11

Published in Frontiers in Analytical Science

Novel Clinimetric Toolset to Quantify the Stability of Blood Pressure and Its Application to Evaluate Cardiovascular Function After Spinal Cord Injury

April 1

Published in WILEY

Clinical Trial Designs for Neuromodulation in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Using Epidural Stimulation

2020
December 24

Published in BRAIN

Predictors of Volitional Motor Recovery with Epidural Stimulation in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

October 22

Published in Frontiers of Neuroscience

We assessed the cardiac structure and function before and after spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) with task-specific interventions and found significant improvements to cardiac structure, systolic function, and diastolic function.

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October 22

Published in Frontiers in Neuroscience

Beneficial Cardiac Structural and Functional Adaptations After Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation and Task-Specific Interventions: A Pilot Study

October 20

Published in Physiological Reports

Heart rate and blood pressure response improve the prediction of orthostatic cardiovascular dysregulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury

August 4

Published in Experimental Physiology

Does long‐term epidural stimulation for normalizing cardiovascular function affect leg muscle properties?

  • Leg lean mass increased after long‐term epidural stimulation for cardiovascular function, which was applied in the sitting position and did not activate the leg muscles. Leg muscle strength and fatigue resistance, assessed in a subgroup of individuals, also increased.

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August 4

Published in Experimental Physiology

Experimental Physiology Cover

Epidural Stimulation for Cardiovascular Function Increases Lower Limb Lean Mass in Individuals With Chronic Motor Complete Spinal Cord Injury
July 27

Published in PLOS ONE

Systolic and Diastolic Function in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

May 6

Published in Springer Link

Restoration of Autonomic Cardiovascular Regulation in Spinal Cord Injury with Epidural Stimulation: A Case Series

2019
December 20

Published in Frontiers in Neurology

Muscle Activation Patterns During Movement Attempts in Children with Acquired Spinal Cord Injury: Neurophysiological Assessment of Residual Motor Function Below the Level of Lesion

February 25

Published in Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

Interrater Reliability of the Pediatric Neuromuscular Recovery Scale for Spinal Cord Injury

February 4

Published in Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

Activity-Based Therapy Targeting Neuromuscular Capacity After Pediatric-Onset Spinal Cord Injury

2018
September 27

Published in The New England Journal of Medicine

Recovery of Over-Ground Walking after Chronic Motor Complete Spinal Cord Injury

September 17

Published in Journal of the American Medical Association

Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation Training and Sustained Recovery of Cardiovascular Function in Individuals With Chronic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

June 22

Published in Journal of the American Medical Association

Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation Training and Sustained Recovery of Cardiovascular Function in Individuals With Chronic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

June 6

Published in Scientific Report

Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation Improves Voiding Function After Human Spinal Cord Injury

May 18

Published in Frontiers in Physiology

Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation of Lumbosacral Networks Modulates Arterial Blood Pressure in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Cardiovascular Deficits

March 14

Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

JSCM Cover

Epidural Stimulation With Locomotor Training Improves Body Composition in Individuals with Cervical or Upper Thoracic Motor Complete Spinal Cord Injury: A Series of Case Studies
March 8

Published in Frontiers in Physiology

Normalization of Blood Pressure With Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation After Severe Spinal Cord Injury

January 31

Published in PLOS ONE

Improvements in Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Outcomes Following Task-Specific Locomotor Training in Human Spinal Cord Injury

2017
October 26

Published in Scientific Reports

Scientific Reports

Motor Recovery After Training with Epidural Stimulation
October 11

Published in PLOS ONE

A Novel Approach for Automatic Visualization and Activation Detection of Evoked Potentials Induced by Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury

August 9

Published in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Effects of Respiratory Training on Heart Rate Variability and Baroreflex Sensitivity in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

July 3

Published in Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy

Activity-Based Therapy: From Basic Science to Clinical Application for Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury

2016
October 5

Published in Journal of Neurotrauma

Effects of Stand and Step Training with Epidural Stimulation on Motor Function for Standing in Chronic Complete Paraplegics

July 15

Published in Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

Baroreceptor Reflex During Forced Expiratory Maneuvers in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

June 1

Published in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Respiratory Training Improves Blood Pressure Regulation in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

2015
October 22

Published in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Locomotor Adaptability Task Promotes Intense and Task-Appropriate Output From the Paretic Leg During Walking

September 10

Published in Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair

Responsiveness of the Neuromuscular Recovery Scale During Outpatient Activity-Dependent Rehabilitation for Spinal Cord Injury

August 13

Published in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Interrater Reliability of the Neuromuscular Recovery Scale for Spinal Cord Injury

August 6

Published in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Test-Retest Reliability of the Neuromuscular Recovery Scale

July 24

Published in PLOS ONE

Effects of Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation for Standing after Chronic Complete Paralysis in Humans

January 8

Published in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Validity of the Neuromuscular Recovery Scale: A Measurement Model Approach

2014
April 17

Published in BRAIN

Altering Spinal Cord excitability Enables Voluntary movements After Chronic Complete Paralysis in Humans

March 1

Published in American Physiological Society

Neuromodulation of Evoked Muscle Potentials Induced by Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation in Paralyzed Individuals

March 1

Published in American Psychological Society

Epidural Stimulation can activate both afferent and efferent pathways. A more localized set of electrodes within an electrode array, which allows more selective activation.

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2013
November 7

Published in Frontiers in Physiology

Quality of Residual Neuromuscular Control and Functional Deficits in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

August 31

Published in Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

Locomotor Step Training With Body Weight Support Improves Respiratory Motor Function in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

January 1

Proof of Principle

Motor Control Original Study 1

  • T4 motor and sensory complete
2012
October 16

Published in Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology

Outcomes of Spinal Cord Injuries in Young Children

September 7

Published in Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine

Restorative Rehabilitation Entails a Paradigm Shift in Pediatric Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury in Adolescence: An Illustrative Case Series

September 6

Published in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Establishing the NeuroRecovery Network: Multisite Rehabilitation Centers That Provide Activity-based Therapies and Assessments for Neurologic Disorders

2011
November 1

Proof of Principle

Motor Control Original Study 1

  • C7 motor complete
  • Sensory complete
August 1

Proof of Principle

Motor Control Original Study 1

  • T4 motor and sensory complete
May 20

Published in THE LANCET

The LANCET Cover

Effect of Epidural Stimulation of the Lumbosacral Spinal Cord on Voluntary Movement, Standing, and Assisted Stepping After Motor Complete Paraplegia: A Case Study
May 20

Published in The Lancet

Task specific training with epidural stimulation may have reactivated previously silent spared neural circuits or promoted plasticity.

  • Case Study
    “Clinically” motor complete, sensory incomplete. Voluntary movement and standing with epidural stimulation only, after stand training.
    READ THE COMPLETE ARTICLE
2010
September 30

Published in Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

May 3

Published in Journal of the American Physical Therapy Association

Ongoing Walking Recovery 2 Years After Locomotor Training in a Child With Severe Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

2009
December 1

Proof of Principle

Motor Control Original Study 1

  • C7/T1 motor complete
  • Sensory incomplete
2008
May 8

Published in Journal of the American Physical Therapy Association

Locomotor Training Restores Walking in a Nonambulatory Child With Chronic, Severe, Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

May 8

Published in Physical Therapy

Locomotor Training and Chronic Pediatric SCI